Building trust in policing: challenges and strategy

Baidya Nath Mukherjee, Meera Mathew

Résumé


In recent years, trust has gained significant importance when discussing the evolution of policing. This shift in focus has been acknowledged by scholars, policymakers, and law enforcement officials who are responsible for ensuring public safety. Unlike the traditional emphasis on crime reduction, there is now a shared recognition that building trust is a fundamental objective in the relationship between policing agencies and the communities they serve. This article discusses three commonly employed methods by policing agencies and their personnel to enhance public trust in the police: policy changes, police training, and citizen oversight boards. Further, it focuses to a less conventional avenue for change, which involves re-evaluating the laws enforced by the police. To achieve meaningful transformation within the police system, it is necessary not only to modify how officers perform their duties but also to examine and potentially revise the laws they are obligated to enforce.

Mots-clés


Police reforms; trust; police training; bias police; police trust model.

Texte intégral :

PDF (English)

Références


BAYLEY, D. H. Police and political development in India. 2015.

BLADER, Steven; TYLER, Tom. A Four-Component Model of Procedural Justice: Defining the Meaning of a “Fair” Process. Pers. Soc. Psychol. Bull., v. 29, p. 747, 2003.

BRADFORD, Ben; MYHILL, Andy. Triggers of change to public confidence in the police and criminal justice system: Findings from the Crime Survey for England and Wales panel experiment. Criminology & Criminal Justice, v. 15, p. 23, 2014. Available in: https://doi.org/10.1177/1748895814521825.

BREHM, John; RAHN, Wendy. Level Evidence for the Causes and Consequences of Social Capital. AM. J. POL. SCI., v. 41, p. 999, 1997. Available in: https://www.jstor.org/stable/2111684.

CHAMBERS, Darryl L.; PAYNE, Yasser Arafat; SUN, Ivan Y. Predicting trust in police: the impact of instrumental and expressive concerns in street-identified Black-American men and women. Polic. An Int. J. Police strateg. Manag., v. 43, p. 917, 2020.

CHARBONNEAU, Amanda; GLASER, Jack. Suspicion and Discretion in Policing: How Laws and Policies Suspicion and Discretion in Policing: How Laws and Policies Contribute to Inequity Contribute to Inequity Suspicion and Discretion in Policing: How Laws and Policies Contribute to Inequity. UC Irvine Law Review, v. 11, n. 5, 2021. Available in: https://scholarship.law.uci.edu/ucilrhttps://scholarship.law.uci.edu/ucilr/vol11/iss5/6. Access in: 23 Mayo 2023.

CONFIDENCE in police low, work to restore: PM to IPS probationers. 2021. Available in: https://indianexpress.com/article/india/confidence-in-police-low-work-to-restore-pm-to-ips-probationers-7432508/. Access in: 23 Mayo 2023.

CRAIG, Stephen C. Congress as Public Enemy: Public Attitudes toward Political Institutions. By John R. Hibbing and Elizabeth Theiss-Morse. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1995. Available in: https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0003055400209544/type/journal_article. Access in: 23 Mayo 2023.

DOUGLAS, William O. Vagrancy and Arrest on Suspicion. Yale Law J., v. 70, p. 1, 1960. Available in: http://www.jstor.org/stable/794305.

FRIEDMAN, Barry; CLARK, Julian. Community Advisory Boards: What Works and What Doesn’t (Lessons from a National Study). AM. J. Crim. Law, v. 47, 2021. Available in: https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=3874229. Access in: 23 Mayo 2023.

GAU, Jacinta M. Procedural justice and police legitimacy: a test of measurement and structure. American Journal Of Criminal Justice, v. 39, p. 187, 2014.

INDIA. The Tribune India. Why public views police with fear, suspicion. Available in: https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/comment/why-public-views-police-with-fear-suspicion-459997. Access in: 23 Mayo 2023.

JACKSON, Jonathan; BRADFORD, Ben. Crime, policing and social order: On the expressive nature of public confidence in policing. Br. J. Sociol., v. 60, p. 493, 2009.

JACKSON, Jonathan; SUNSHINE, Jason. Public Confidence in Policing: A Neo-Durkheimian Perspective. The British Journal of Criminology, v. 47, p. 214-233, 2007. Available in: https://doi.org/10.1093/bjc/azl031.

JONES, Jeffrey M. Black, White Adults’ Confidence Diverges Most on Police. 2020. Available in: https://news.gallup.com/poll/317114/black-white-adults-confidence-diverges-police.aspx. Access in: 23 Mayo 2023.

JONES, Jeffrey M. In U.S., Black Confidence in Police Recovers From 2020 Low. 2021. Available in: https://news.gallup.com/poll/352304/black-confidence-police-recovers-2020-low.aspx. Access in: 23 Mayo 2023.

JUSTICE, Benjamin; MEARES, Tracey L. How the Criminal Justice System Educates Citizens. ANN. AM. ACAD. POL. SOC. SCI., v. 651, p. 159, 2013. Available in: https://doi.org/10.1177/0002716213502929.

KÄÄRIÄINEN, Juha. Why Do the Finns Trust the Police?, J. Scand. Stud. Criminol. Crime Prev., v. 9, p. 141, 2008. Available in: https://doi.org/10.1080/14043850802450294.

KELLEHER, Christine A.; WOLAK, Jennifer. Explaining Public Confidence in the Branches of State Government. Polit. Res. Q., v. 60, p. 707, 2007. Available in: https://doi.org/10.1177/1065912907304496.

LIND E.; TYLER, Tom. The Social Psychology of Procedural Justice. Contemp. Sociol., v. 18, 1988.

LIQUN CAO, James Frank; CULLEN, Francis T. Race, community context and confidence in the police. AM. J. POLICE, v. 15, p. 3, 1996. Available in: https://doi.org/10.1108/07358549610116536.

LOADER, Ian; MULCAHY, Aogan. Policing and the Condition of England: Memory, Politics and Culture. Polic. Cond. Engl. Mem. Polit. Cult., v. 1, 2012.

MACLIN, Tracey. Terry v. Ohio’s Fourth Amendment Legacy: Black Men and Police Discretion. St. John’s law rev., v. 72, p. 25, 1998.

MEARES, Tracey L. The Law and Social Science of Stop and Frisk, 10 ANNU. Rev. Law soc. Sci., v. 335, 2014. Available in: https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=2519020. Access in: 23 Mayo 2023.

MEARES, Tracey L. Trust & Models of Policing. Daedalus, v. 151, p. 165, 2022.

MICHAEL, Banton. The policeman in the community. 1964.

MUKHERJEE, Baidya; SINGH, Bhupinder. Urgent Need for Police Reforms in India: A Human Rights Concern. NIU Int. J. Hum. Rights, v. 8, p. 81, 2021. Available in: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/363468411_Urgent_Need_for_Police_Reforms_in_India_A_Human_Rights_Concern/citation/download.

MURPHY, Kristina; CHERNEY, Adrian. Fostering cooperation with the police: How do ethnic minorities in Australia respond to procedural justice-based policing? Aust. N. Z. J. Criminol., v. 44, p. 235, 2011. Available in: https://doi.org/10.1177/0004865811405260.

NAIR, Meena; PRABHAKAR, K.; RAO, Prarthana. A mirror to the police: a bottom up assessment of the karnataka police. 2010. Available in: https://books.google.co.in/books?id=E8YegOEv4oYC.

NIX, Justin et al. Trust in the Police: The Influence of Procedural Justice and Perceived Collective Efficacy. Crime & Delinq., v. 61, p. 610, 2015. Available in: https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0011128714530548. Access in: 23 Mayo 2023.

OWENS, Emily et al. Can You Build a Better Cop. Criminol. Public policy, v. 17, p. 41, 2018.

RAY, Julie. Most of the World Remains Confident in Police, Feels Safe. 2020. Available in: https://news.gallup.com/poll/322565/world-remains-confident-police.aspx. Access in: 23 Mayo 2023.

REINER, Robert. The Politics of the Police. Polic. A. J. Policy Pract., v. 5, p. 110, 2011. Available in: https://doi.org/10.1093/police/par007.

REISIG, Michael D.; BRATTON, Jason; GERTZ, Marc G. The construct validity and refinement of process-based policing measures. Criminal Justice And Behavior, v. 34, p. 1005, 2007.

REISIG, Michael D.; PARKS, Roger B. Experience, quality of life, and neighborhood context: A hierarchical analysis of satisfaction with police. Justice Q., v. 17, p. 607, 2000. Available in: https://doi.org/10.1080/07418820000094681.

REPORTED violent crime rate in the United States from 1990 to 2022. Available in: https://www.statista.com/statistics/191219/reported-violent-crime-rate-in-the-usa-since-1990/. Access in: 23 Mayo 2023.

SAMPSON, Robert J.; JEGLUM, Dawn. Bartusch. Legal Cynicism and (Subcultural?) Tolerance of Deviance: The Neighborhood Context of Racial Differences. Law soc. Rev., v. 32, p. 777, 1998.

SHARKEY, Patrick. Uneasy Peace: the great crime decline, the renewal of city life, and the next war on violence. 2018.

SINGH, Manmohan. Pm’s address to Superintendents of Police Conference: Speeches : Prime Minister of India. 2005. Available in: https://archivepmo.nic.in/drmanmohansingh/speech-details.php?nodeid=176. Access in: 23 Mayo 2023.

SKOGAN, Wesley G. Concern About Crime and Confidence in the Police: Reassurance or Accountability? Police Q., v. 12, p. 301, 2009. Available in: https://doi.org/10.1177/1098611109339893.

STEPHENS, Darrel W.; SCRIVNER, Ellen; CAMBARERI, Josie F. Civilian Oversight of the Police in Major Cities.

STOTT, Clifford; HOGGETT, James; PEARSON, Geoff. Keeping the peace: Social Identity, Procedural Justice and the Policing of Football Crowds. BR. J. CRIMINOL., v. 52, p. 381. 2012. Available in: http://www.jstor.org/stable/44173495. Access in: 23 Mayo 2023.

SUN, Ivan Y. et al. One country, three populations: Trust in police among migrants, villagers, and urbanites in China. SOC. Sci. Res, v. 42, p. 1737, 2013.

SUN, Ivan Y. et al. Public trust in the police in Taiwan: A test of instrumental and expressive models. AUST. N. Z. J. Criminol. v. 47, p. 123, 2013. Available in: https://doi.org/10.1177/0004865813489306.

SUNSHINE, Jason; TYLER, Tom R. The Role of Procedural Justice and Legitimacy in Shaping Public Support for Policing. LAW & SOC. REV., v. 37, p. 513, 2003.

TANKEBE, Justice. Viewing Things Differently: The Dimensions of Public Perceptions of Police Legitimacy. Criminology, v. 51, p. 103, 2013. Available in: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/j.1745-9125.2012.00291.x. Access in: 23 Mayo 2023.

TYLER, Tom R.; JACKSON, Jonathan. Popular legitimacy and the exercise of legal authority: Motivating compliance, cooperation, and engagement. Psychol. Public policy, law, v. 20, p. 78, 2014.

UNITED STATES V. Police Department Of Baltimore City. 2017. Available in: https://clearinghouse.net/case/15257/. Access in: 23 Mayo 2023.

VAN CRAEN, Maarten; SKOGAN, Wesley G. Achieving fairness in policing: The link between internal and external procedural justice. Police Quarterly, v. 20, p. 3, 2017.

ZIMRING, Franklin E. The City that Became Safe: New York’s Lessons for Urban Crime and Its Control. 2011. Available in: https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199844425.001.0001.




DOI: https://doi.org/10.5102/rbpp.v14i1.9155

ISSN 2179-8338 (impresso) - ISSN 2236-1677 (on-line)

Desenvolvido por:

Logomarca da Lepidus Tecnologia